Benefit of Technology Transfer to Developing Countries

Advantage of Technology Transfer to Developing Countries WHY IS THE TECHNOLOGY CONTRIBUTION OF MULTINATIONALS POTENTIALLY SO IMPORTANT FOR DEVELOPING COUNTRIES? WHAT FACTORS WILL DETERMINE WHETHER OR NOT THE TRANSFERED TECHNOLOGY ACTUALLY PROVIDES NET BENEFITS FOR THE HOST DEVELOPING COUNTRY? Todays world is separated no longer by philosophy yet by innovation 15% of the earths populace, gives about the entirety of the universes innovation innovationshalf of the universes populace, can receive these advancements underway and utilization. The rest of the part, covering around 33% of the universes populace, is mechanically separated, neither enhancing at home nor receiving outside advances. Sachs (2000) As per the new Growth hypothesis of the 1990s, Innovation is the prime wellspring of mechanical advancementwhich thus drives monetary development. One of the prime thought processes of host creating nations for generally tolerating and empowering different channels of FDI is to assimilate the innovative overflow from the outside nation firms. The Hard Technologies (modern procedures, hardware and plant) or Soft Technologies (specialized ability, the executives thoughts, promoting aptitudes and so forth) (Dunning and Lundan 2008) contributed by Multi-national Enterprises (MNEs) are viewed as the fundamental wellspring of monetary turn of events and development. At the point when a global firm vertically coordinates with the creating nation firms, have firms they are compelled to keep the MNEs severe direction and measures to guarantee quality merchandise or administrations as crude materials or upstream administrations. The outside firms would guide and help, both authoritatively and actually which would prompt improvement both in quality and amount of administration by the neighborhood offshoots. Additionally residential adversary firms upgrade their contributions to keep in pace with the outside partnered firms in the market in this way improving the host nation firms profitability. The greatest US based retailer, Wal-Marts passage and quick extension in China has helped the coordinations business in Chinese market to move more elevated level Zhu (2010). For creating nations to cut their specialty in the worldwide economy, they should be mechanically exceptional. There is a chance of bringing in new innovation from outside created advertise, however this will cause a difficulty as the system would be costly. Additionally nations will wind up estranged from the headway of innovations in the event that they cannot create trade markets Sachs (2008). This can be limited to an impressive degree by MNEs stream down impact wherein move of mechanical abilities from created nations to creating nations happens through FDI. The exchange of Panasonics microwave fabricating base from United States to China has prompted the nearness of 2800 Chinese endeavors to give segments to it, which has contributed new innovation, yet in addition propelled activities the board strategies to Chinese market (Sinani and Meyer 2004). The hazard factor because of vulnerability of new technologys results and substantial speculation ruins the creating nations from presenting any new innovation without any preparation. The contention on the side of MNEs is that technologyã‚â is the quintessential part of financial turn of events and requests a ton of interest in innovative work (RD). Creating nations, be that as it may, need both in aptitudes and assets fundamental for RD, which has prompted the lacking degree of RD inã‚â developingã‚â economies. The host nations development can be animated in light of the nearness of MNEs, which would order assets vital for RD. Henceforth have firms can save money on cost by utilizing the advances which are now actualized and utilized by MNEs utilizing Demonstration (by MNEs) and Imitation (by have firms) (Das 1987; Wang Blomstrom 1992, refered to in Crespo and Fontoura 2007). Anyway the patent guideline and challenge of retaining the innovative aptitudes in the momentar y communitarian contracts makes the procedure exceptionally trying for the organizations in the developing markets. The HR versatility from MNEs to neighborhood firms likewise go about as a channel of innovation move and augmentation since the precise preparing gave to these high-talented workers is scattered to local firms as inventive administrative capacity accordingly improving the residential endeavors which would somehow or another be unimaginable (Crespo and Fontoura 2007). Table 1: Summary of Spillover Channels of FDI (Blomstorm and Kokko (1998); Gorg and Greenaway (2001); Gorg and Strobl (2002)) The innovation move typically happens in a market which is defectively serious and has no specific market structure. Since various creating nations would have distinctive market structure, it turns out to be exceptionally entangled to have a summed up hypothesis and model to discover the determinant variables of mechanical overflow advantages to neighborhood firms (Mondal and Pant 2010). The aftereffects of observational investigation by different scientists go about as a choice to examine the net advantages of innovation overflow for the host creating nations. The organizations Total Factor Productivity (Factors like the degree of RD, remote nearness, the firm size) can be utilized as an intermediary to check innovation move (Haddad and Harrison 1992, refered to in Crespo and Fontoura 2007).According to Seck (2011) A 10% expansion in a creating countrys outside RD capital stock prompts in excess of a 2% percent increment in its all out factor efficiency. The financial improvement level (estimated by per capita GDP) impacts emphatically on RD action (Cheung and Lin 2003). The development in have countrys RD exercises decreases the mechanical hole and expands the absorptive limit of the host firm in this way profiting the host creating nation. As indicated by Schmid (2010), A one percent expansion in the Research and improvement (RD) use is related with a five percent improve in the probability of an innovation move. He additionally expresses that the innovation move is emphatically associated to the exchange streams and RD consumption of a creating nation. RD bringing about new procedures and items either intensifies firms incomes or spares firms costs and is considered as the fundamental intermediary for endogenous development and mechanical headway, Zhu (2010). In 2004, 23.7 % of mechanical RD inside China was performed by subsidiaries when contrasted with 21.7% in 2004 (UNCTAD 2005, refered to in Dunning and Lundan 2008, p.359) which epitomizes expanding pattern and conceivably constructive outcome on have creating nations. Here the principle challenge lies in finding the specific extent of valuable RD exercises. On the off chance that the overall expenses of innovation appropriation are enormous to the financial estimation of the fundamental innovation (to the host nation firms), there will be little selection moderately and FDI overflow acknowledged will likewise be generally constrained (Blomstrã ¶m. et.al 1999). In this manner cost of innovation reception assumes a significant job for the innovation move to be useful to the host nation firms. The variables adding to the appropriation of mechanical limit (which incorporates Higher instructive foundations, Scientists and Engineers, RD research centers and other physical and human resources) which are helped by outside partners mirrors the net gainful impact on have nations because of fare or FDI (Dunning and Lundan 2008). Nearby the immediate impacts of mechanical limit of host nations, the roundabout outcomes can be estimated through information, innovation and RD overflows to have economys neighborhood firms which can be estimated regarding the raise in efficiency of neighborhood firms because of the MNEs nearness or passage into have economy. Anyway understanding the specific extent of efficiency increment exclusively due to MNEs commitment is a major test for some, different variables would have helped the procedure. An examination by Xu (2000), refered to in Dunning and Lundan (2008), proposes that the spending on eminences and permit expenses around shows the effect of efficiency improvement caused because of innovation move of FDI in the host nations. The absorptive limit of the creating nations changes and as needs be the positive or negative impacts dependent on it. The investigation by Feinberg and Majumdar (2001), refered to in Dunning and Lundan (2008) uncovers that the pharmaceutical subsidiaries in India encountered no overflow to neighborhood firms through privately led RD though the outside offshoots had profited. Actually, an examination led by (Mondal and Pant 2010) shows the nearness of outside partners and high absorptive limit with regards to creating nations to affect decidedly on innovation overflow which is raised by a profoundly serious condition. The strategies of host governments towards FDI, for example, innovation strategy and Intellectual Property Protection are additionally conceivable determinants which impacts the size of the productivity overflows caught by have nation firms. For instance government strategies which would support the RD execution like viable IP security would reduce the odds of FDI and escalate the innovative ability of neighborhood firms which thusly would help to abuse proper remote innovation (Blomstrã ¶m et al. 1999). Then again licenses documented by created nations would bring about constrained exchange of innovative abilities because of the security of innovation from impersonation for a long time. China turned into the biggest beneficiary of FDI among the creating nations during 1990s because of the market for innovation strategy and requirement of patent law in accordance with TRIPs (Trade-Related Intellectual Properties) (Cheung and Lin, 2003). Due to negating research information and the reliance of innovation move benefits on the sort of industry and the degree of collusion among outside and developing business sector nation firms, it turns out to be extremely confounded to sum up the variables adding to the net advantages of the creating nations. End As indicated by (Dunning and Lu

The Competitive Elements Of Illovo Malawi Business Essay

The Competitive Elements Of Illovo Malawi Business Essay Basically evaluate the key setting inside which your firm works utilizing any calculated system, which you believe is fitting, and clarify which are the most significant general business patterns and serious components. Which of these should vital leaders in your preferred organization consider the most and why? Illovo Sugar (Malawi) Ltd is an auxiliary of a South African organization Illovo Sugar South Africa. Illovo Sugar Malawi is the countrys biggest sugar maker. There are two different organizations that have quite recently set up inside the past two years, in any case, they can not be recognized starting at yet as they are yet to begin activities. Illovo sugar is an enormous global organization that ranges across six African nations that incorporate Malawi, Tanzania, Zambia, Mozambique, Swaziland and South Africa. They are the biggest sugar makers inside each particular nation that they are available in. Illovo Sugar works through auxiliaries inside every one of the referenced nations. At the point when we break down to add up to volume of sugar created among all the offices that Illovo possesses, it shows that they are the biggest maker of sugar inside the African subcontinent. Illovo Sugar is recorded on the Johannesburg Stock trade and on the Malawian and Zambian Stock Exchange individually (as auxiliaries). The greater part responsibility for Sugar, 51% of it, has a place with a FTSE 100 Company Associated British Foods Plc. Illovo Sugar Malawi, alongside its different auxiliaries inside Africa, have demonstrated year on year steady development for the whole Illovo Group in Africa, it is this degree of execution which has named Illovo the biggest sugar maker in Africa. PESTEL Analysis: I will presently layout a PESTEL examination for Illovo Sugar Ltd, inside which I will cover all the political, conservative, social, mechanical, natural and legitimate angles that influence Illovo Sugar. Political: Political solidness inside Malawi has been an issue for Illovo Sugar Malawi during 2012. The despotic principle of the previous president reached a surprising conclusion when he passed on because of heart failure. This implied Illovo needed to frame new associations with the new president (previous VP) who had her own ideological group. Doing as such, it would give Illovo get to right to the highest point of the tree; it could along these lines practice this fellowship at whatever point it expected to. At the point when the administration disposition is viewed, because of the efficient issues in Malawi, the extraordinary absence of forex has prompted numerous issues and it has injured the economy. The present system is on the transition to expand sends out so as to create the truly necessary forex, this being a direct presidential activity. Due to Illovo Sugar Malawi being one of the top exporters inside Malawi, it is thusly one of the ideal associations straightforwardly from the workplaces of the president. Degenerate governments for the most part sway associations when they settle on choices at firm levels. The effect of degenerate clergymen and even presidents at times end up being a crucial political issue to an enormous organization, for example, Illovo Sugar. For this situation, to the extent it tends to be noted, it appears that Illovo Sugar Malawi has controlled away from being affected by such individuals or governments. Practical: Malawi is right now suffering probably the harshest condition identified with its economy. It has actually injured, from being the second quickest developing economy on the planet in 2008, it has fallen at such a disturbing rate, to the detriment of the despotic standard of the previous president who disdained the western contributor nations. It prompted extraordinary deficiencies of forex inside Malawi, and with Malawi being a transcendently bringing in nation, it injured numerous parts and expansion began to increase at a disturbing rate. The greatest reason for concern is the degrading of the Malawi Kwacha it will build costs from all angles for Illovo Malawi, notwithstanding, because of the floatation of the money inside the worldwide markets, it will in this way acquire better costs for its ware on the global market. Credit accessibility and loan fees are additionally an issue for Illovo Sugar Malawi. The credit is accessible yet because of liquidity deficiencies of the Malawi kwacha, the Reserve Bank of Malawi has put high premium charges using a loan offices. Because of this issue, Illovo Malawi will assume out as meager acknowledgment offices as its needs so as to maintain a strategic distance from high intrigue chargesâ [1]â . At the point when the general business development is broke down, it tends to be thought about, volumetrically, that Illovo Sugar Malawi has kept on developing regardless of the considerable number of issues it faces. It keeps on being the biggest supporter of the Illovo Sugar Group at 39% of its general working profitâ [2]â . Accordingly, the industry keeps on developing and the possibility for the future for Illovo Malawi glances great as far as an efficient viewpoint. Social: Illovo Sugar Malawi works two moderately huge offices inside Malawi. They utilize roughly 5400 individuals fulltime and around 4500 occasional representatives. They furnish work to nearby Malawians with included advantages as a feature of their corporate citizenship plot. Illovo Sugar Malawi additionally buckles down in keeping up their corporate social obligation picture. They have manufactured schools and clinical focuses inside the nearby networks. Each representative approaches clinical and instructive consideration, with their dependants included as well. Aside from this, they furnish lodging to more than 4500 individuals with conveniences, for example, running water, power and waste administration servicesâ [3]â . Aside from the abovementioned, Illovo likewise does other social demonstrations of good cause as gifts to emergency clinics and of help to alleviation casualties of catastrophic events inside Malawi. Aside from keeping up its own sugarcane developing offices, Illovo assumes a socially dependable job with regards to buying sugarcane from nearby smallholder ranchers. They represent up to 13% of Illovo Malawis all out crude material volumeâ [4]â . Mechanical: Illovo Sugar, as referenced is the biggest sugar maker in Africa, in this way they will undoubtedly keep their mechanical mentality at its pinnacle execution. In the present world, innovation is known for making forms a lot less complex and did quicker and productively. Concerning plant and apparatus at Illovo, which is the center of the whole business, they will give the most elevated consideration to new mechanical contestants inside the market. Proficiency, cost sparing and speed is the thing that drives any assembling business and it is the equivalent with Illovo Malawi. New procedure advances inside this line of business can quickly give the edge over contenders and Illovo can use this furthering their potential benefit. In the event that another innovative idea is trialed on one site, whenever demonstrated to be effective, if all elements are thought of, they can without much of a stretch apply this to every one of their locales and receive the rewards. Illovo develops their own sugarcane and mechanical advances in cultivating strategies are continually progressing, subsequently they are continually creating and making the whole procedure simpler all together for the partner to increase greatest advantages, for example most extreme yield of crude material. Ecological: Illovo Sugar Malawi expends a great deal of electrical force, so as to be naturally effective, they utilize the waste material known as bagasse to produce the required degrees of power. The bagasse is a bio-inexhaustible fuel source and it assists with keeping the natural effect of the whole activities at the very least. Along these lines, Illovo is likewise absolutely independent regarding power supplies. Illovo additionally controls all wastewater from the sugar making process; it treats and reuses the water for use in its stick developing operationsâ [5]â . The two locales of Illovo in Malawi every year plant new trees so as to balance natural debasement and soil disintegration that might be caused during the cultivating stagesâ [6]â . As a result of the sugar making process, different alcohols can be extricated from the procedure. Illovo Malawi along these lines adds to fuel liquor refineries in Malawi and they produce ethanol, which is an option bio-fuel. Legitimate: Wellbeing and Safety is one of the legitimate difficulties that Illovo faces. They run a huge wellbeing and security crusade so as to forestall any episodes. They keep on impacting the attitude of every one of its representatives on the different wellbeing and security viewpoints to be wellbeing cognizant. They additionally structure wellbeing programs for the more extensive networks spread over the two domains in this way expanding security mindfulness and improving security propensities. General Business Trends: Inside Malawi, Illovo works on two hugely huge destinations that are arranged inside the southern and northern locale of Malawi individually. By and large, 300000 Metric Tons of Sugar inside the two locales joined. Practically 60% of this is sold inside Malawi itself because of the popularity consistently. The staying 40% is provided to neighboring markets, with Zimbabwe being the biggest purchaser. Through the staying 40%, it either winds up inside the European markets or inside the nearby local nations, for example Zimbabwe, Kenya and Ugandaâ [7]â . Illovo Sugar Malawi is the most elevated donor inside the whole Illovo gathering, by ideals of its working benefit. At the point when broke down, it is the third biggest out of six auxiliaries as far as volumetric sugar creation, anyway one can just arrive at the resolution that Illovo Malawi is getting better costs for its refined, non refined and claim to fame sugars inside the worldwide market. The level of universally provided sugar is required to increment from 40% and significant markets, for example, the EU are indicating high potential because of good costs being accomplished. As indicated by the 2012 Annual report, economic situations were considered by solid interest from European merchants who perceive Malawis quality norm

What Are Thalassemias Essays

What Are Thalassemias Essays What Are Thalassemias Essay What Are Thalassemias Essay Thalassemias (thal of an Inheritance Pattern for Alpha Thalassemia The image gives one case of how alpha thalassemia is inherited.The alpha globin qualities are situated on chromosome 16. A kid acquires four alpha globin qualities (two from each parent). In this model, the dad is missing two alpha globin qualities and the mother is missing one alpha globin quality. Every kid has a 25 percent possibility of acquiring two missing qualities and two ordinary qualities (thalassemia characteristic), three missing qualities and one typical quality (hemoglobin H malady), four typical qualities (no paleness), or one missing quality and three typical qualities (quiet transporter). Beta Thalassemias You need two qualities (one from each parent) to make enough beta globin protein chains.If either of these qualities are modified, youll have beta thalassemia. This implies your body won’t make enough beta globin protein. * If you have one changed quality, youre a transporter. This condition is called beta thalassemia characteristic or beta thalassemia minor. It causes gentle iron deficiency. * If the two qualities are changed, youll have beta thalassemia intermedia or beta thalassemia major (likewise called Cooleys pallor). The intermedia type of the confusion causes moderate pallor. The significant structure causes extreme pallor. Case of an Inheritance Pattern for Beta ThalassemiaThe picture gives one case of how beta thalassemia is acquired. The beta globin quality is situated on chromosome 11. A kid acquires two beta globin qualities (one from each parent). In this model, each parent has one modified beta globin quality. Every youngster has a 25 percent possibility of acquiring two typical qualities (no sickliness), a 50 percent possibility of acquiring one changed quality and one ordinary quality (beta thalassemia attribute), or a 25 percent possibility of acquiring two adjusted qualities (beta thalassemia major). Who Is at Risk for Thalassemias? Family ancestry a nd heritage are the two hazard factors for thalassemias.Family History Thalassemias are acquired that is, the qualities for the scatters are passed from guardians to their youngsters. On the off chance that your folks have absent or adjusted hemoglobin-production qualities, you may have thalassemia. Family line Thalassemias happen frequently among individuals of Italian, Greek, Middle Eastern, Southern Asian, and African plummet. What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Thalassemias? An absence of oxygen in the circulation system causes the signs and side effects of thalassemias. The absence of oxygen happens in light of the fact that the body doesnt make enough solid red platelets and hemoglobin.The seriousness of manifestations relies upon the seriousness of the turmoil. No Symptoms Alpha thalassemia quiet bearers by and large have no signs or indications of the turmoil. The absence of alpha globin protein is minor to such an extent that the bodys hemoglobin works typically. Mellow Anem ia People who have alpha or beta thalassemia quality can have mildâ anemia. Be that as it may, numerous individuals who have these sorts of thalassemia have no signs or indications. Mellow frailty can cause you to feel tired. Gentle pallor brought about by alpha thalassemia attribute may be mixed up forâ iron-inadequacy weakness. Mellow to Moderate Anemia and Other Signs and SymptomsPeople who have beta thalassemia intermedia have gentle to direct frailty. They likewise may have other medical issues, for example, * Slowed development and postponed pubescence. Iron deficiency can hinder a childs development and advancement. * Bone issues. Thalassemia may make bone marrow grow. Bone marrow is the light substance inside bones that makes platelets. At the point when bone marrow extends, the bones become more extensive than typical. They may get weak and break without any problem. * An expanded spleen. The spleen is an organ that enables your body to battle contamination and evacuate u ndesirable material.When an individual has thalassemia, the spleen needs to buckle down. Thus, the spleen increases than ordinary. This exacerbates sickliness. In the event that the spleen turns out to be excessively huge, it must be expelled. Extreme Anemia and Other Signs and Symptoms People who have hemoglobin H infection or beta thalassemia major (additionally called Cooleys weakness) have serious thalassemia. Signs and manifestations for the most part happen inside the principal 2â years of life. They may incorporate extreme paleness and other medical issues, for example, * A pale and drowsy appearance * Poor hunger Dark pee (a sign that red platelets are separating) * Slowed development and postponed adolescence * Jaundice (a yellowish shade of the skin or whites of the eyes) * An augmented spleen, liver, or heart * Bone issues (particularly with bones in the face) Complications of Thalassemias Better medications presently permit individuals who have moderate and serious thal assemias to live any longer. Accordingly, these individuals must adapt to entanglements of these disarranges that happen after some time. Heart and Liver Diseases Regularâ blood transfusionsâ are a standard treatment for thalassemias.Transfusions can make iron develop in the blood (iron over-burden). This can harm organs and tissues, particularly the heart and liver. Coronary illness brought about by iron over-burden is the primary driver of death in individuals who have thalassemias. Coronary illness includesâ heart failure,â arrhythmiasâ (irregular pulses), andâ heart assault. Contamination Among individuals who have thalassemias, diseases are a key reason for sickness and the second most normal reason for death. Individuals who have had their spleens evacuated are at much higher hazard since they no longer have this contamination battling organ.Osteoporosis Many individuals who have thalassemias have bone issues, including osteoporosis (OS-te-o-po-RO-sister). This is a cond ition wherein bones are feeble and fragile and break without any problem. How Are Thalassemias Diagnosed? Specialists analyze thalassemias usingâ blood tests, including a total blood tally (CBC) and extraordinary hemoglobin tests. * A CBC gauges the measure of hemoglobin and the various types of platelets, for example, red platelets, in an example of blood. Individuals who have thalassemias have less sound red platelets and less hemoglobin than ordinary in their blood.People who have alpha or beta thalassemia attribute may have red platelets that are littler than typical. * Hemoglobin tests measure the kinds of hemoglobin in a blood test. Individuals who have thalassemias have issues with the alpha or beta globin protein chains of hemoglobin. Moderate and serious thalassemias for the most part are analyzed in youth. This is on the grounds that signs and indications, including severeâ anemia, frequently happen inside the principal 2â years of life. Individuals who have milder type s of thalassemia may be analyzed after a standard blood test shows they have anemia.Doctors may presume thalassemia if an individual has sickliness and is an individual from an ethnic gathering that is at expanded hazard for thalassemias. (For more data, go to Who Is at Risk for Thalassemias? ) Doctors additionally test the measure of iron in the blood to see if the sickliness is because of iron lack or thalassemia. Iron-inadequacy anemiaâ occurs if the body doesnt have enough iron to make hemoglobin. The frailty in thalassemia happens in view of an issue with either the alpha globin or beta globin chains of hemoglobin, not as a result of an absence of iron.Because thalassemias are passed from guardians to kids through qualities, family hereditary investigations likewise can help analyze the turmoil. These investigations include taking a family clinical history and doing blood tests on relatives. The tests will show whether any relatives have absent or adjusted hemoglobin qualiti es. On the off chance that you are aware of relatives who have thalassemias and youre considering having youngsters, think about chatting with your primary care physician and a hereditary guide. They can help decide your hazard for passing the confusion to your youngsters. On the off chance that youre expecting an infant and you and your accomplice are thalassemia transporters, you may insect to think about pre-birth testing. Pre-birth testing includes taking an example of amniotic liquid or tissue from the placenta. (Amniotic liquid is the liquid in the sac encompassing a developing incipient organism. The placenta is the organ that joins the umbilical string to the moms belly. ) Tests done on the liquid or tissue can show whether your infant has thalassemia and how serious it may be. How Are Thalassemias Treated? Medicines for thalassemias rely upon the sort and seriousness of the confusion. Individuals who are transporters or who have alpha or beta thalassemia characteristic have mellow or no side effects. They’ll likely need next to zero treatment.Doctors utilize three standard medications for moderate and extreme types of thalassemia. These medicines includeâ blood transfusions, iron chelation (ke-LAY-avoid) treatment, and folic corrosive enhancements. Different medications have been created or are being tried, however theyre utilized considerably less frequently. Standard Treatments Blood Transfusions of red platelets are the primary treatment for individuals who have moderate or extreme thalassemias. This treatment gives you sound red platelets with typical hemoglobin. During a blood transfusion, a needle is utilized to embed an intravenous (IV) line into one of your blood vessels.Through this line, you get solid blood. The technique for the most part takes 1 to 4 hours. Red platelets live just for around 120 days. Along these lines, you may require rehashed transfusions to keep up a solid flexibly of red platelets. On the off chance that you ha ve hemoglobin H sickness or beta thalassemia intermedia, you may require blood transfusions once in a while. For instance, you may have transfusions when you have a disease or different ailment, or when yourâ anemiaâ is sufficiently serious to cause tiredness. In the event that you have beta thalassemia major (Cooleys weakness), you’ll likely need standard blood transfusions (frequently every 2 to 4 weeks).These transfusions will assist you with keeping up ordinary hemoglobin and red platelet levels. Blood transfusions permit you to feel good, appreciate typical exercises, and li

Rhetorical Question Examples

Rhetorical Question Examples Rhetorical Question Rhetorical questions are questions that are asked without expecting an answer. Writers (or speakers) ask rhetorical questions when they want their audience to think about something or when they are trying to make a point. They don't expect an answer. Examples of Rhetorical Question: 1. Teacher to student who has been talkative: "Do you want to teach the class today?" 2. Husband to wife who is taking a long time to get ready to go out: "Are you sure there isn't something else you need to do?" 3. It sure is hot today, isn't it? 4. Who knows? 5. Did you expect me to do anything less than my very best? Examples of Rhetorical Questions in Literature, Speech, and Song 1. From Shakespeare's Merchant of Venice: If you prick us, do we not bleed? If you tickle us, do we not laugh? If you poison us, do we not die? And if you wrong us, shall we not revenge? 2. There are those who are asking the devotees of civil rights, "When will you be satisfied?" Martin Luther King, Jr. 3. "How do you solve a problem like Maria? How do you hold a moonbeam in your hand?" The Sound of Music 4. "What's love got to do with it?" Tina Turner

Analysis Of John Updike s A P - 1804 Words

Many stories have been told throughout time regarding youth and it’s seemingly infallibility. Most young people feel invincible, but really it is their naivety and inability to understand the harsh concept of reality that enables this behavior. While a common theme in literature, John Updike gives the tale of youth a consumerist spin in â€Å"AP†. Updike tells the story of Sammy the cashier, who see’s himself as superior to those around him and believes he will turn out nothing like the adults he’s surrounded with. He seems to get his chance to be great when some beautiful customers are harassed by his boss, and Sammy takes a stand. He decides to quit his job to defend and impress these girls, but they don’t even think twice about it and leave without thanking it. Sammy is left alone and jobless as realizes that life is not at all what he thought it to be. This young man chooses to go against the grain without considering the lasting consequences, a nd that is his fatal flaw. Sammy idealizes being original and standing out without fear of repercussions. This is demonstrated throughout his thoughts and actions. But, it is more of a fantasy to him to be original. He works a mediocre job, with average people, doing average things such as being as cashier. He seems to have a yearning for more in life and yearns to be seen as great. It seems as if his desire to be successful and original is channelled into his views of others. He admires one of young girls dressed in a bathingShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of John Updike s A P1293 Words   |  6 PagesJohn Updike is viewed by his readers as a progressive voice in his work that promotes feminist issues. He makes these issues stand out more evidently, rather than hidden, in order for the reader to realize how women are viewed in society. From reading Updike’s AP, the story sends the message to readers of genders working together to strive for equality. If readers do not carefully and actively read AP they may miss key messages about the power men hold over women, not just in society but in literatureRead MoreAnalysis Of John Updike s A P2577 Words   |  11 Pagescome together and declare allegiance to a similar core of beliefs. And, when they do, they ask a particular set of question about a literary work. Each different way of analyzing a literary work elicits a different set of questions. AP, a short story by John Updike, would best be analyzed by using the school of New Criticism and analyzing the journey Sammy, the narrator, experiences throughout the story. The school of New Criticism believes that the work’s overall meaning depends solely on the textRead MoreAnalysis Of John Updike s A P2084 Words   |  9 Pagesallegiance to a similar core of beliefs. Once they do, they ask a particular set of questions about the literary work. Each different way of analyzing brings up different sets of questions. 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He wanted readers to see the beauty and magic of life, so he tried to describe everyday things using the most clear but beautiful language possible. Many of Updike’s pieces are drawn from his own life such as his marriage and his boyhood, as shown in three of his short stories: â€Å"AP†, â€Å"Ace in the Hole†, and â€Å"PigeonRead More The Decline of Chivalry Explored in Araby and AP Essay1211 Words   |  5 Pageswin hearts of women for centuries. However, as society constantly changes, the effectiveness of these chivalrous acts has diminished. In James Joyce’s â€Å"Araby† and John Updike’s â€Å"AP†, this th eory is explored, both telling the story of a boy whose efforts to impress the girl of their desires fail. As said by Well’s in his critical analysis of these stories, â€Å"Both the protagonists have come to realize that romantic gestures—in fact, that the whole chivalric view [sic] --- are, in modern times, counterproductive†Read MoreAnne Lamott’S Great Wisdom On How To Write Shares Many1905 Words   |  8 Pagescharacters.†In this essay, there will be comparisons and analysis between Anne Lamott’s wide descriptions about writings and two short stories by John Updike and Gail Godwin. Both Updike and Godwin have illustrated amazing fiction stories that shares many clues and rules that can be found in Lamott’s argument for climax and change. This essay will present two short fictional stories: â€Å"AP† by John Updike, and â€Å"A Sorrowful Woman† by Gail Godwin. â€Å"AP† shares an interesting piece of art illus trating theRead MoreThe parallel between â€Å"Cathedral† and â€Å"AP†1892 Words   |  8 Pages The parallel between â€Å"Cathedral† and â€Å"AP† Raymond Carver with â€Å"Cathedral† and â€Å"AP† by John Updike are both short stories, even if in facts they are written during the same century, readers can interpret the changes that occurred to be really different. They both introduce characters that are being victim of stereotype by the protagonists, but somehow these characters made a great change into the protagonists’ view of the world and life itself. The stories differ in atmosphere and the quantityRead MoreThe Psychoanalytical Criticism Of Psychoanalysis And Education Essay2096 Words   |  9 Pagesuse it in any story. The Psychoanalytical criticism is used today in literature to help the audience understand human motivation through either the characters or the author itself. After all the author is the creator and should be considered in the analysis to find what the reader desires to know about the characters. In Psychoanalysis And Education : Minding A Gap the authors Linden West and Alan Bainbri dge provide the benefits that psychology provides to different people â€Å"Psychoanalysis, broadly defined

Animal Farm - 1555 Words

Animal Farm written by George Orwell is an animal fable happens in a farm where animals start building a communism society, but end up being totalitarianism, hinting obliquely at the communists in the real world. The gaps between pigs and other common animals, demonstrate the theme that the corruption of power appears when majority is ruled. The intelligence superior allows the pigs placing themselves at a position which is closer to the power and which is more easily to corrupt. The inability to question the authorization makes the other common animals becoming the naà ¯ve working class who suffers the corrupting influence of power. The nature of pigs, greed, is the source of their undying lust for ultimate power. At the end, the†¦show more content†¦Therefore, they need to work harder to avoid being thrown away. Instead of questioning the unfair treatment, the animals rather think less and do more work. Common animals are naive working class, who are unable or unwilling t o question authority, condemning themselves to suffer the full extent of the ruling class’s oppression. After having a taste of power, the pigs lose themselves in their lust for ultimate power. Because of the supreme position of the pigs in the farm, a minority controls the majority of the animals, their greed for power leads to the corruption of the power. First of all, Napoleon uses dogs to expel Snowball in order to have exclusive power. Napoleon starts to against every suggestions Snowball proposes at the beginning. He raises the puppy secretly and shows them up while excluding Snowball. These fierce dogs become a sign of Napoleon’s authority and absolute power. It is the first time that execution happens in the farm, it disobeys the essence of Animalism, all animals are friends. However, no one dares to question him because Napoleon has the absolute power, even though it starts corrupting. Secondly, when the pigs move into the farmhouse and begin sleeping in the b eds, the Fourth Commandment turns out to have mysteriously changed. It now reads â€Å"No animal shall sleep in a bed with sheets.†(Orwell, 67) Bed is a symbol of being human in the story. The pigs’ greed of being human has notShow MoreRelated Animal Farm1881 Words   |  8 PagesGeorge Orwell’s political satire, Animal Farm, in which he uses oppressed talking animals to satirize the Russian Revolution. Early on in the novel, when the animals finally have driven out their oppressive master, Mr. Jones, they take the management of the farm into their own hands, creating a set of Seven Commandments based on the teachings of a wise old pig by the name of Old Major. 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Evidence from the text that further bolsters this claim is shown whenRead MoreSymbolism in Animal Farm1766 Words   |  8 PagesSymbolism in Animal Farm Animal Farm is almost a direct parallel to Russia during the time of World War I through World War II. The characters all have real life counterparts that are easily seen. The events are also all real and conveyed in the novel in an easily understood way. The novel creates a new way to look at the events that transpired during this time period and allows people to really understand what happened. In Animal Farm, George Orwell employs many symbols to convey the parallelismRead MoreAnimal Farm : Human Nature in Animals823 Words   |  4 PagesHuman nature in animals. Was this really shown in George Orwell’s ‘Animal Farm’? In fact, there were several messages about human nature reflected in ’Animal Farm’. The messages that were expressed through many different characters and their behaviours, gave an insight into human nature, and showed many characteristics of it. The idea of equality â€Å"all animals are equal† and socialism would make an ideal society. It would be effective on Animal Farm if it were not for the pigs’ hunger for powerRead MoreEssay on The Transformation of the Animals on Animal Farm689 Words   |  3 PagesThroughout the course of the novel the lives of everyone – human and animal – on Animal Farm change dramatically. In the case of the pigs their lives get better and better but for all the other animals and the humans their lives take a turn for the worse, after a brief period of optimism for the animals. 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Terms of Engagement for Cyber Warfare - myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theTerms of Engagement for Cyber Warfare. Answer: Introduction The world needs cyber war terms of engagement to manage to the probably devastating cyber weapons. Regardless of the growing complexities of the cyberspace along with the considerable strategic challenge cyber warfare could pose vital interest to numerous nations particular rules for the cyber warfare exist [1]. Countries need to seek to develop as well as maintain cyber warfare rules to be able to develop the globally recognized norms, as well as mitigate the problems on the essential governmental, commercial as well as private resources and assist hang on the belligerent actors more accountable [12]. An example of cyber-attacks which occurred against Georgia in the summer of the year 2008 provided a contemporary example to the complexities which are associated to the cyber-attack attribution, application of the law for the armed conflicts principles to the war as along with the international ineptitude of communities when it comes to responding. The terms of engagement of warfare are very clear and they have been spelled out in the Geneva Convention. Various types of weapon have been banned and certain protection have existed for the civilian as well as the medical entities [13]. However, when it comes to cyber warfare there has been no clear policies on how to address on this issues. In this research it will examine the aspect of terms of engagement for the cyber warfare. The focus will be how the world leader have highlighted on the cyberwar rules of engagement since it has posed a challenge to many nations. The terms of engagement for the deployment of the cyber-weapons needs to be developed by the nations so as to prevent any event which could arise [15]. The wars have traditionally been waged between the nations or clearly defined groups which declare themselves in the conflict. This has yet to happen openly on the internet, despite such accusations have been leveled against countries such as China, Russia as well as other nations [11]. The aspect of the cyber warfare has been more likely to reflect on the wars which are fought shadowy basically by the terrorist network such as the Al-Qaeda as comparison to the conflict which exists between the uniformed national military forces. One aspect of the war is that the lines need to be drawn and there should be an understanding who is the enemy [12]. When it comes to the cyber-attack it is not possible to know who to declare war to. Discussion on rule of cyber conflicts The discussion on the issue of the cyber conflict occurred after the infamous Stuxnet worm which blamed for the infecting business control system as well as sabotaging centrifuges at the contentious Iranian nuclear facilities [14]. Such was the world fist cyber weapon which happened via the cyber-espionage in most of the guises which unquestionably happened to be practiced by the intelligence agencies throughout the worldwide for many years. The computer systems usually underpin the delivery of the essential services which can incorporate the utilities along with telecoms along with the banking and the government services [16]. The vital national infrastructure systems are the most privately held in most of the nations. The attack against these critical systems could be commonplace since they tend to be low to the level of the information stealing or even the denial of the services exploits [13]. There are many independent who are expert particularly in the cyber security they are di smissing talk about the cyberwar hype [18]. The rules of the cyberwarfare they seek in the establishment of the protected domains for example in the schools and the hospital which are off the limit of the attack. Conflict between the nations Currently, USA and Russia are engaged in the creeping cyberwarfare against one another [14]. They have gone to an extend of disabling or even undermining each other critical infrastructure. The potential has deadly between these two countries and it has affected them adversely since they are not subjected to any rudimentary rule or even mutual agreement which has existed to govern them. There would be a need to fix, through the multilateral process which are under the auspices of the United Nations [15]. Nonetheless, according to the British government sources they highlighted to the BBC that they are not much convinced that there is need for a treaty which could govern on the cyberspace conflict. Moreover, based on their view they think that there is a need for a discussion on the proportional response especially on the attribution of the source of the attack [3]. It is important to note that to identify the source of the cyber-assault that could easily be launched from the networks which is compromised by the third-party. There is need for the countries to agree on the basic notions for example what could constitute an attack or even illegal intervention, as opposed to just the mere nuisance, and what has retaliatory moves are more legitimate or even excessive [18]. The cyber security incidents such as the one alleged that the Russian hacked the Democratic National Committee on their emails clearly shows that in the USA as well as other major power they have not established any terms of engagement such as those which governed their behavior in the cold war [17]. The problem might be even more serious since the defense thinkers have only now begun to grapple on this aspect when it comes to how the international conflict in the cyber arena could play out. An example when it comes to the nuclear weapons there is a bold line which is established between the use of the nuclear weapons and not using them, but when it comes to the cyber-crime there is no such guidelines [11]. However, like the nuclear exchan ge, the computer warfare could be whole lot easier to begin to manage. The basic question in relation to the second day of this war have just begun to be asked; the technology has run much ahead of this doctrine to the extent of the unmatched when it comes to the annals of the warfare. View in regards to terms of engagement for the cyber warfare The countries are beginning to develop their own cyberwarfare policies to be able to protect their national interests, but defending themselves especially from the borderless internet may prove very problematic [10]. There has been speculation among the politician as well as the pundits that the aspect of war would soon extend to the internet, based on the recent report that the USA department of Defense would introduce on the cyberwarfare doctrine [5]. The war has traditionally been waged between the nation and this is yet to happen openly on the internet, although this accusation has not been leveled against countries such as China as well as Russia. As nations enters into the new era where there has been advancement in attackers which has increased effort in order to steal the nations intellectual property, USA has been putting final touches when it comes to the terms of engagement so as to respond to the cyber-attacks. Moreover, the USA has been running stories on the new framework for having an effective cyber response [9]. The rules which govern on the state action particularly in the cyberspace are much similar to those which govern on the state behavior in other areas. When waging on the cyberwar, there is need of ensuring that the attack as well as tactics are militarily important and distinguishable between the combatants as well as the noncombatants and which is the force that is used is much proportional to which gain has been achieved [7]. On the draft document which is aimed to facilitate security aspect on the issue of cybercrime calls for the fresh definition of the nation state with the new territories as well as t he cyberspace which is beyond the government [8]. In the proposal it clearly highlights that the ambiguity in regards to what constitutes to the cyber conflict is the delay for the international policy to deal with the idea of peace or even war which is simple in regards to the internet age when the world might find itself in a third other than the war mode. Other countries are also following suit to be able to curb on the issue of the cyber-crime such as UK they are developing the cyber weapons programs which will have attacking capability in order to help counter growing of the threats to the national security on the cyberspace [7]. Moreover, Australia has also highlighted that they are also developing cybersecurity strategy to be in a position of confronting on the growing threat which has been posed by the electronic espionage, theft as well as state sponsored cyber-attacks. Laws on cyber warfare According to the principle of jus ad bellum it means the right to war. This aims to limit the rightful reason as to why state could fight by defining what kind of the action would constitute to the act of the war and in a derivative sense, prescribed to what state actions are as well as not acceptable especially during peacetime [6]. Based on this principle therefore, there is no experience of the cyberwar since there is no state which has every declared one, even though there has been cyber-conflict which has been common among the countries [4]. An example, in Ukrainian power grid attack was part of the ongoing conflict, thus, it was an act of the war. Nevertheless, its worth noting that despite widespread consensus in regards to who was ultimately behind the attack there was no nation that reacted on the act of aggression nor did they sought some recompense through the international legal avenues. Over the years there has been major difficulties when it comes to prescribing to the right to a just war when it comes to cyber [5]. This is because of the aspect of the attribution of the attack which is either still not very good or even it entails release of the classified, sensitive information, and confirming the identity of the aggressor is very difficult. It is through the government and the private organization will they profess on the improvement of the capabilities of attribution, hence providing the aggressor beyond any reasonable doubt to enable them face the hurdles. There has been international policy making time as well as effort which has been deployed towards the development of the norms for the state behavior which is much way below the threshold for the war and of the confidence building measures particularly for the cyberspace [2]. An example, is the Tallinn manual 1.0 which has begun development for the second version which focuses on the international legal framework which applies to the cyber-operations which should be below the threshold for the war. Conclusion The world today it needs the terms of engagement when it comes to the cyber warfare to be in a position of coping with the devastating cyber weapons which have arisen over the years due to the development of internet. When it comes to the cyber weapons they have attributes which have not been seen previously with the traditional weapons nor are they considered when it comes to the development of the current laws of war. The cyber weapon can deliver in the blink of an eye the widest behavior which could be reproduced and at the same time transferred when lacking the target discrimination. There is need for the international treaties which would govern the countries when it comes to the cyber warfare which has significantly affected many nations. The countries need to engage and agree on the basic notions for example on what constitutes to the attack or even the illegal intervention as compared to the mere nuisance and what retaliatory moves are legitimate or even excessive when addres sing on the issue of the cyber warfare. There should be terms of engagement which are developed between the countries to enable them guide one another. In USA NATO have presented the second edition of the Tallinn Manual which clearly examines on the current international laws which can be applied to the issue of the cyber warfare. This manual was compiled based on the Cyberattacks which have occurred globally. The terms of engagement policies needs to be developed to respond on the attack of cyber war that could occur. In this research, it has examined on the aspect of terms of engagement for the cyber warfare which has been a predominant issues that is not addressed fully. The research has provided a clear guidelines on how different nations are approaching on the issue and the possible laws which are being applied to address it with emphasis with some recommendations. References [1] Andress J, Winterfeld S. Cyber warfare: techniques, tactics and tools for security practitioners. Elsevier; 2013 Oct 1. [2] Beidleman SW. Defining and deterring cyber war. ARMY WAR COLL CARLISLE BARRACKS PA; 2009 Jan 6. [3] Carr J. Inside cyber warfare: Mapping the cyber underworld. " O'Reilly Media, Inc."; 2011 Dec 12. [4] Caso JS. The rules of engagement for cyber-warfare and the Tallinn Manual: A case study. InCyber Technology in Automation, Control, and Intelligent Systems (CYBER), 2014 IEEE 4th Annual International Conference on 2014 Jun 4 (pp. 252-257). IEEE. [5] Crawford BC. Information warfare: Its application in military and civilian contexts. The Information Society. 1999 Nov 1;15(4):257-63. [6] Farwell JP, Rohozinski R. The new reality of cyber war. Survival. 2012 Sep 1;54(4):107-20. [7] Greengard S. The new face of war. Communications of the ACM. 2010 Dec 1;53(12):20-2. [8] Hoisington M. Cyberwarfare and the use of force giving rise to the right of self-defense. BC Int'l Comp. L. Rev.. 2009;32:439. [9] Kelsey JT. Hacking into international humanitarian law: The principles of distinction and neutrality in the age of cyber warfare. Michigan Law Review. 2008 May 1:1427-51. [10] Lewis JA. The" Korean" Cyber Attacks and Their Implications for Cyber Conflict. [11] Lindley-French J. Terms of engagement. The paradox of American power and the. 2002 May. [12] Lynn WJ. Defending a new domain: the Pentagon's cyberstrategy. Foreign Affairs. 2010 Sep 1;89(5):97-108. [13] Reich PC, Weinstein S, Wild C, Cabanlong AS. Cyber warfare: a review of theories, law, policies, actual incidentsand the dilemma of anonymity. European Journal of Law and Technology. 2010 Oct 7;1(2). [14] Robinson M, Jones K, Janicke H. Cyber warfare: Issues and challenges. Computers security. 2015 Mar 31;49:70-94. [15] Schaap AJ. Cyber warfare operations: Development and use under international law. AFL Rev.. 2009;64:121. [16] Schmitt MN, editor. Tallinn manual on the international law applicable to cyber warfare. Cambridge University Press; 2013 Mar 7. [17] Swanson L. The era of cyber warfare: Applying international humanitarian law to the 2008 Russian-Georgian cyber conflict. Loy. LA Int'l Comp. L. Rev.. 2010;32:303. [18] Tirenin W, Faatz D. A concept for strategic cyber defense. InMilitary Communications Conference Proceedings, 1999. MILCOM 1999. IEEE 1999 (Vol. 1, pp. 458-463). 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